Suffering in Crime and Punishment Essay Example For Students

Enduring in Crime and Punishment Essay In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, enduring is a vital piece of each character job. Notwithstanding, the message that Dostoevsky needs to give the principle character, Raskolnikov, isn't one of the Christian thought of salvation through torment. Or maybe, it appears to me, as though the creator never lets his fundamental character endure intellectually all through the novel, according to the wrongdoing, that is. His solitary torment is by all accounts physical sicknes. Raskolnikov submits a planned homicide in a condition of wooziness. He winds up submitting a subsequent homicide, which he never at any point needed to be answerable for. He executes Lizaveta, an exceedingly blameless individual. In any case, does the creator ever help us to remember the homicide whenever in the novel again? Not in the physical feeling of the wrongdoing itself. The peruser doesnt find out about how vigorously the killings are burdening his heart, or how he is tormented by dreams of the wrongdoing. He doesnt feel even a tiny bit liable about having carried out the wrongdoing, just his prides hurt. He doesnt notice the possibility of the torment that may emerge from intermittent dreams of the wrongdoing. Raskolnikov never again reviews the monstrous measures of blood all over, the look on Lizavetas face when he cuts down the hatchet on her head. These things plainly show that the wrongdoing isnt what may cause him enduring, or torment, it is something After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesnt feel contrite. His sentiments havent changed about his wrongdoing, he feels awful at not having the option to satisfying his own thoughts of significance. He develops discouraged just when he learns of his moms demise. Raskolnikov still hasnt found any motivation to feel regret for his wrongdoings. He accepts Siberia as his discipline, in light of the fact that it is so irritating to experience every one of these conventions, and ridicularities that it involves. However, he really feels more great in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. Its increasingly agreeable, and has preferable day to day environments over his own home. Be that as it may, he isnt allowed to do whatever he loves. However, this doesn't negate what Ive said previously. He doesnt see Siberia as affliction, however he sees it as discipline, since he would prefer not need to experience seven years in his jail cell. His hypothesis of the remarkable, and the normal is something he needs to follow and cling to . His need to endure is a piece of his need to satisfy his obscure models to be exceptional. His misery, assuming any, is absolutely shallow. Suffering must be genuine and all around determined. Raskolnikovs enduring is rarely spoken about, fundamentally in light of the fact that there is none. Indeed, even Raskolnikov sees his handing himself over as a goof, since he couldnt take the warmth. Clearly Raskolnikov never is by all accounts in a pit of hopelessness from all the experiencing he needs to confront the impact of the homicide. One may contend that Raskolnikovs ailments emerge from his blame and regret for the violations, however that doesnt seem conceivable. Since the character never refers to the homicide for his affliction. Indeed, Raskolnikov fell promptly wiped out in the wake of submitting the homicide. How might he struck by blame five seconds in the wake of submitting the homicide whenever he hasnt even gotten an opportunity to perceive what occasions have quite recently happened? There is certifiably not a solitary example when Raskolnikov, or the writer so far as that is concerned, ever refer to the sensational impact of the killings on Raskolnikovs inner voice NOTHING in the novel would even infer that he feels regret about submitting the homicides, it is only a senseless thought that has been embedded in people groups minds and the seed has spread too quickly, without analization.It is unbelievably clear that all the supposed agony and enduring that Raskolnikov feels is false, senseless, and uph eld by no help. It would be suspiciously stupid to endeavor to see it from another purpose of comprehension. Individuals are qualified for their own feelings however the convictions of the at blunder lion's share ought not overbear the convictions of the right minority. Acknowledgment of a hypothesis without Bibliography:

Asian Business - Case Study of Mitsui Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Asian Business - Case Study of Mitsui - Essay Example The overall method during that time was that items were specially made, and Mitsui challenged basic marketing prudence by making items first and afterward selling them. Mitsui’s introductory attack into the banking and money industry came in the late seventeenth century. Moving cash between urban communities during that medieval period was incredibly hazardous, so Mitsui set up â€Å"money exchanges† in Edo. Much like a crude antecedent to a Western Union, these foundations obliged the exchange of assets and diminished the measure of hazard associated with the exchange( Shinjo, 1962 11) By 1876, the organization had set up Mitsui Bank, which was the nation’ first private bank. Approaching the mid twentieth century, the organization came to be known as one of the biggest zaibatsu in Japan. A conspicuous element of pre-World War II Japan, a zaibatsu can be approximately characterized as â€Å" a business substance made out of a few enhanced undertakings claimed an d solely constrained by a solitary family â€Å"( Morikawa, 1970:62) These ironclad syndications empowered the organization to be a focal business figure in pre-war Japan. Getting the pieces after the war, the remainders of the organizations from the destroyed Mitsui zaibatsu changed themselves into the alleged financial supernatural occurrences of the post bellum period, the keiretsu. Taking after what could be compared to a western combination, the changed business bunch was propelled with a capitalization of 195,000 yen and about 35 workers. Its raids into remote exchange enormously encouraged the country’s post-war monetary resurrection. In the 1960’s Mitsui exploited fast exchange progression, and was effective in making sure about a steady flexibly of food, oil, and coal for local utilize flowed through its abroad possessions. A speculation into petroleum gas assets in the 1970’s protected the organization from the decade’s oil emergency, and blunted the impacts of the overall financial downturn. (Mitsui,

17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers

17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers January 08, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living In This Article Table of Contents Expand Short-Term Strategies Fast-Acting Strategies Long-Term Strategies Problem-Focused Coping Verywell / Joshua Seong From minor challenges to major crises, stress is part of life. And while you cant always control your circumstances, you can control how you respond to them. When stress becomes overwhelming, or its chronic, it can take a toll on your well-being. Thats why its important to have effective stress relievers that can calm your mind and your body.   1:41 Highly Effective Tips for Relieving Stress There isnt a one-size-fits-all option when it comes to stress relief, however. What works for one person might not work for another. And what works for you at home might not be an option when youre at work or in the community (dancing around your living room might be helpful but dancing in the grocery store might not be).   So its important to have a variety of stress relief tools at your disposal. Then, youll be able to pick a strategy that works best for your current circumstances.   Short-Term Stress-Relief Strategies You Can Do Anywhere Whether youre about to be interviewed for a job or youre feeling overwhelmed by your childs behavior  at the playground, its important to have some stress reduction tools that can lower your stress right now. The best short-term strategies:Can be performed anywhereTake very little practice to masterAre freeProvide immediate relief Try Guided Imagery Guided imagery is like taking a short vacation in your mind.?? It can involve imaging yourself being in your happy placeâ€"maybe picturing yourself sitting on a beach, listening to the waves, smelling the ocean, and feeling the warm sand underneath you. Guided imagery can be done with a recording where you listen to someone walk you through a peaceful scene. Or, once you know how to do it yourself, you can practice guided imagery on your own.   Simply close your eyes for a minute and walk yourself through a peaceful scene. Think about all the sensory experiences youd engage in and allow yourself to feel as though youre really there. After a few minutes, open your eyes and return to the present moment. Meditate Meditation brings short-term stress relief as well as lasting stress management benefits. There are many different forms of meditation to tryâ€"each one is unique and brings its own appeal.?? You might develop a mantra that you repeat in your mind as you take slow deep breaths. Or, you might take a few minutes to practice mindfulness, which involves being in the moment. Simply pay attention to what you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell. When youre focused on the here-and-now, you wont be able to ruminate about something that already happened and you cant worry about something in the future. Meditation and mindfulness take practice, but it can make a big difference in your overall stress level. Practice Progressive Muscle Relaxation Progressive muscle relaxation involves relaxing all the muscles in your body, group by group.?? To practice, you can start with a few deep breaths. Then, practice tightening and relaxing each muscle group, starting with your forehead and moving down to your toes.   With practice, youll learn to recognize tension and tightness in your muscles and youll be able to relax more easily. Each time you practice, however, you should experience a feeling of relaxation sweeping through your body.   Focus on Breathing Just focusing on your breath or changing the way you breathe can make a big difference to your overall stress level. Breathing techniques can calm your body and your brain in just a few minutes.?? The best news is, no one around you will even know youre doing them. So whether youre in a stressful meeting or youre sitting in a crowded theater, breathing exercises could be key to reducing your stress.??   While there are many different breathing exercises, like karate breathing, a few simple ones include: Breathe in through your nose and watch your belly fill with air. Count slowly to three as you inhale. Hold for one second and then slowly breathe out through your nose as you count to three again.Breathe in through your nose and imagine that youre inhaling peaceful, calm air. Imagine that air spreading throughout your body. As you exhale, imagine that youre breathing out stress and tension.   Take a Walk Exercise is a fantastic stress reliever that can work in minutes. Taking a walk allows you to enjoy a change of scenery, which can get you into a different frame of mind, and brings the benefits of exercise as well. So whether you just need to take a stroll around the office to get a break from a frustrating task or you decide to go for a long walk in the park after work, walking is a simple but effective way to rejuvenate your mind and body.?? Fast-Acting Stress-Relief Strategies That Work Well at Home In the privacy of your own home, there are many stress relief strategies that can help you relax fast. So whether youve had a tough day at work or youre stressed about how much you have to do, these strategies can give you some immediate relief from your stress. Get a  Hug From a  Loved One Physical touch can do a lot to relieve your stress. Hugging a loved one can be especially beneficial. When you hug someone, oxytocin (also known as the cuddle hormone) is released. Oxytocin is associated with higher levels of happiness and lower levels of stress. Oxytocin also causes a reduction in blood pressure.?? It reduces the stress hormone norepinephrine and can produce a sense of relaxation.   So dont be afraid to ask a loved one for a hug if you need it. Its good for both of you and it can be one of the simplest forms of stress relief available. Enjoy Aromatherapy Aromatherapy has real benefits for stress reliefâ€"it can help you to feel energized, more relaxed, or more present in the moment. Emerging research suggests certain scents can alter brain wave activity and decrease stress hormones in the body.?? So whether you enjoy candles, diffusers, or body products, consider incorporating some aromatherapy into your day.   Create Artwork Getting in touch with your creative side may have been easy for you during childhood, but if you’ve lost touch with your penchant for artwork, it’s not too late to pick it up again. If you arent into drawing or painting, consider coloring in a coloring book. Adult coloring books have risen in popularity and for good reasonâ€"coloring can be a great stress reliever.?? Research consistently shows that coloring can have a meditative effect. One study found that anxiety levels decline in people who were coloring complex geometric patterns, making it a perfect outlet for stress reduction. Long-Term Stress-Relief Strategies for Lasting Health Certain habits can promote resilience to stress, as well as increase overall wellness. For example, those who  exercise  or  meditate regularly  tend to become less stressed in the face of a difficult challenge.?? So its important to create a lifestyle that will help you ward off stress and deal with challenges in a healthy way.   Eat a Balanced Diet A poor diet can bring greater reactivity toward stress.??  Emotional eating and reaching for high-fat, high-sugar foods can provide a temporary sense of relief that adds to your long-term stress. Refined carbs, like cookies and potato chips, can cause a spike in blood sugar. When your blood sugar crashes, you might experience more stress and anxiety. Consuming a healthy diet can help you combat stress over the long haul. Foods like eggs, avocado, and walnuts support mood regulation and energy balance.   Make Time for Leisure Activities Leisure activities can be a wonderful way to relieve stress.?? Yet, many people feel as though their lives are too busy for hobbies, games, or extra fun. But building time for leisure into your schedule could be key to helping you feel your best. And when you feel better, youll perform better, which means leisure time may make your work time more efficient. Whether you find joy in caring for a garden or you like making quilts, hobbies and leisure are key to living your best life. Develop a Positive  Self-Talk  Habit The way you talk to yourself matters. Harsh self-criticism, self-doubt, and catastrophic predictions arent helpful.  If youre constantly thinking things like, I dont have time for this, and I cant stand this, youll stress yourself out. Its important to learn to talk to yourself in a more realistic, compassionate manner. When you call yourself names or doubt your ability to succeed, reply with a kinder inner dialogue. Positive self-talk can help you develop a healthier outlook. And an optimistic and compassionate conversation can help you manage your emotions and take positive action.   Practice  Yoga Yoga combines physical movement, meditation, light exercise, and controlled breathingâ€"all of which provide excellent stress relief.?? And while youre likely to reap immediate benefits from a single yoga session, youre likely to receive long-term benefits if you incorporate it into your life in a consistent way.   Yoga offers a variety of physical, psychological, and spiritual benefits. To get started, you might take a class, enroll in an online program, or use an app to help you begin practicing. Express Gratitude Gratitude helps you recognize all the things you have to be thankful for. Whether youre grateful for a sunny day or thankful you arrived at work safely, think about all the good things you have in life. Gratitude also reminds you of all of the resources you have to cope with stress, which can be quite empowering.   Studies  also show grateful people enjoy better mental health, lower stress, and a better quality of life. So whether you decide to make it a habit to identify what youre grateful for as you sit around the dinner table or you decide to write down three things youre grateful for in a gratitude journal every day, make gratitude a regular habit.   Prioritize Exercise Physical activity is key to managing stress and improving mental health.?? And the best news is, there are many different kinds of activities that can reduce your stress. Join a gym, take a class, or exercise outside. Keep in mind that there are many different ways to get more physical activity in your day too. Walking, strength training, kayaking, hiking, and spin class are just a few different examples of ways you can get stress relief. Strategies That Engage in Problem-Focused Coping Most stress relievers focus on changing your emotions. But sometimes, you wont necessarily get relief until you change the environment.   This is referred to as problem-focused coping (as opposed to emotion-focused coping). Problem-focused coping involves taking steps to remove the stressor from your life (as opposed to changing how you feel about the stressor). Reassess Your To-Do Lists If youre trying to squeeze 20  hours worth of work into 16 hours, youre going to feel stressed. Reducing your workload could be key to helping you get through the day feeling better. Whether that means stepping away from a committee you joined or it involves hiring someone to complete some of your household chores for you,   Honing your time management skills can allow you to minimize the stressors that you experience, and better manage the ones you cant avoid. When you are able to complete everything on your to do list without the stress of rushing or forgetting, your whole life feels easier. Obtain Social Support Having supportive people in your life is the key to stress management. If you lack emotional support and friendship, its important to get it. That may mean reaching out to your existing network. Perhaps confiding in a family member or distant friend can help you become closer and it may give you the social support you need. You may also need to expand your network. Join an organization, attend a support group, or get professional help if you lack supportive people in your life.   Cut out Things That Add to Your Stress Sometimes, the best way to reduce your stress is to cut something out of your life. Get rid of the things that are adding to your stress so you can experience more peace.   Watching the news, being constantly connected to your digital devices, drinking alcohol, and consuming too much caffeine are just a few of the things that may add more stress to your life. Making some changes to your daily habits could be instrumental in helping you feel better. A Word From Verywell Finding the best stress relief strategies may take some experimenting. Some strategies may take practice too. But its important to keep looking for the tools that will help you manage lifes inevitable ups and downs in a healthy way. Keeping stress at a manageable level is important for your overall well-being. 5 Self-Care Practices for Every Area of Your Life

Controversy Over Religion s Impact On Society - 1266 Words

Devin Arrants Ms. Sidle English III AP/DC per. 3 3 November 2015 Word Count: 1328 The Controversy of Religion in A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur’s Court Religion provides answers, evokes a sense of comfort in the unknown, and designs a moral code; however controversy now surrounds this subject regarding whether religion’s impact is more detrimental or beneficial to a society as a whole. Mark Twain’s narrator, Hank Morgan, travels back in time and attempts to accelerate the advancement of these people through the creation of technology and more importantly the destruction of the Church. Religion is a driving force in Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, as both the benefits and consequences are analyzed in order to address religion s impact on society. Throughout history religion offers protection and the alleviation from the bewildering unknown as well as a strong moral code. After a long, tiresome journey to rescue the princesses, Hank and Sandy are alarmed to find the alleged royalty as pigs. As unsett ling as this appears, Sandy states â€Å"God shields us† as she turns to her faith to offer an explanation (Twain 198). Despite such a perplexing situation, Sandy finds comfort in knowing that God protects them. The unexpected result of their protracted travels befuddles Sandy; however, as religion has taught its followers, God always has a explanation for everything, leading Sandy to set aside her worries and find comfort in knowing that this isShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Religion And Religion896 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Our country s founders who were of different religious backgrounds themselves knew the best way to protect religious liberty was to keep the government out of religion. So they created the First Amendment to guarantee the separation of church and state. This fundamental freedom is a major reason why the U.S. has managed to avoid a lot of the religious conflicts that have torn so many other nations apart† (n.d.). The American Constitution refers to r eligious freedom as being able to practice theRead MoreEssay about Its Time for the Separation of Church and State1644 Words   |  7 PagesIts Time for the Separation of Church and State â€Å"In God We Trust† on the dollar bill, The Ten Commandments at a state court house. These are things over the past year that you might have heard in the news causing some controversy. As current events go on, the Separation of Church and State is being brought into light more and more every day. When the United States Constitution was founded in the 18th century, many liberties were given to its citizens. One of those rights was the freedom ofRead MoreThe History Of Rock And Roll1028 Words   |  5 Pagessadder outcome. Now let s look at Van Halen. Unlike Black Sabbath, this band was formed in the USA. They are an American rock band. This band Went through a few changes over the years. They had great success for a while with the most period being the late 1970’s and Early 1980’s. They had several songs listed on the â€Å"Billboard† music charts. Ozzy Osbourne went through some tough times dealing with drug and Alcohol addiction. However, after his brief disappearance for over a month. Ozzy made a comebackRead MoreA Brief Note On Science And The Nineteenth Century1249 Words   |  5 Pagesthe states question their beliefs and faith in religion. Technological developments also created issues for the church as they were losing grip of power on their believers. Even though religion played a large role in the early nineteenth century, given the facts, science and innovation captured the interest of America’s people and undermined their faith. Although faith was not the leading candidate for winning over the allegiance, faith in religion runs deep down to the foundations of America.Read MoreCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds are not pleased with the practice because it undermines humanity. Society being mixed of different people there areRead MoreGutenberg Invention Of The Printing Press1366 Words   |  6 Pages Many people may wonder what was one invention that really made an impact? Some say electricity or medication some might even say technology. 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This play challengesRead MoreReligion and its Effect on Society and Individuals Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, society has come to evolve and progressively become more efficient as society’s viewpoints and perspectives on various aspects of life have also changed. However, the one aspect of life that has stayed constant has been religion. The impact of a constant religious opinion on a changing society has detrimental and benign effects on the populace of such a society. Religion was partly created in an effort to answer the questions that couldn’t be answered in any other way; to provideRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is Not The Law Of The Land1510 Words   |  7 Pagescouples in our society is constantly growing. In America, citizens fight for equality every day and homosexual couples fight hard for the same rights as heterosexual couples when it comes to marriage. Should there be equal rights between the two heterosexual and homosexual couples? I believe that citizens of the same sex that are able to wed should not have the same rights as citizens that undergo heterosexual marriage; because it doesn t correlate with my religious beliefs, it s more beneficialRead MoreAbortion Should Not Be Legal Essay1596 Words   |  7 Pagespregnant. The controversy over whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans till this day. An important landmark case was the Roe v. Wade case, where the Court argued that the zone of privacy was b road enough to encompass a woman s decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.(McBride, Alex). Abortion should be legal under specific circumstances because women deserve to be in control of their own bodies, abortion should not have anything to do with religion, and access

Essay about The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography

The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Reflexivity, as I understand it, is very well named.It is the practice of reflecting upon oneself and one’s work, of being self-aware and self-critical. In anthropology, it is well exemplified by the work of Renato Rosaldo, Ruth Behar, and Dorinne Kondo, among others. In its most obvious form (or at least the form most obvious to me), reflexivity is manifest in the practice of an ethnographer including herself in her own ethnographic research---seeing herself not as an â€Å"unbiased, impartial† (Malinowski 18) observer, but as an essential and un-removable part of her study. The effect of reflexivity on ethnographic writing has been, however, much broader than just that. It signals â€Å"a departure from†¦show more content†¦One should remember to be critical of one’s own work, to be open to the idea that one may be wrong. Among the semester’s readings, one in particular stands out for me as utterly self riteous and lacking in self-criticism. The introduction to Bronislaw Malinowski’s Argonauts of the Western Pacific is an assault upon my (admittedly) politically correct, postmodern (is that a bad word?), early 21st century sensibility. His â€Å"unbiased† writing is chalk-full of condescension, bigotry, and Eurocentricism. These are easy enough to dismiss (although not excuse) as the mind-frame of the era in which he was writing. It is, instead, his arrogant belief in his own irrefutable authority that (ironically) decreases his credibility for me. Malinowski writes of obtaining ethnographic success â€Å"by a patient and systematic application of a number of rules of common sense and well known scientific principles† (6). He refers alternately to missionaries, traders, and even natives as â€Å"untrained minds† (5) â€Å"and inferior amateur[s]† (6). He write s of ethnography as the be all and end all of understanding â€Å"primitive† cultures, of decoding the â€Å"chaotic and freakish† (9). I should say here that I do not wish to dismiss ethnography in any way. On the contrary, I believe it to be of great value in the study of any kind of culture. I don’t even entirely disagree with Malinowski. I suppose my main qualm with his work is in its total lackShow MoreRelatedEssay about Ethnography1634 Words   |  7 PagesEthnography One of the most complex and interesting aspects of cultural anthropology is the ethnography. The idea of being able to read stories about groups of individuals is something that is intriguing to many people. With the ethnography, the authors many times feel that they have control and understanding over the individuals that they are writing about. Furthermore, many of these authors assume that the individuals among whom they are living and studying exemplify the entire society asRead MoreEssay on The Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of the Reflexive Ethnographer Works Cited Missing The role of the reflexive ethnographer has been constantly defined and redefined since the beginning of the study of anthropology. The use of reflexivity has and will always be questioned in anthropology. Malinowski, who was a pioneer in the field of anthropology, discouraged the use of reflexivity; he, instead, believed that anthropology was scientific and could produce â€Å"concrete evidence† (Malinowski 17). Reflexivity is wayRead More Anthropology1316 Words   |  6 PagesAnthropology Anthropology what a vulnerable observer you are! You may well have to jump into the arms of the scientists if you are going to try to keep your grass hut at the academy! -- Ruth Behar Debates on the role the reflexive plague the field of cultural anthropology as postmodern critics join the bandwagon attempting to claim authority in this dubiously recognized discipline. In the borderline realm between the sciences and humanities, cultural anthropology has tried to find a nicheRead More Ethnography Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesEthnography Works Cited Missing Reflexivity is a qualitative method of research that takes an ethnography one step further, displaying the personal thoughts and reflections of the anthropologist on his informants. Ethnographies generally take an outside or foreign perspective of a culture, like reading a text, and reflexivity introduces a new component of inside description. Here, the anthropologist may describe personal interactions and experiences with natives and use this inside informationRead MoreEssay on The Pros and Cons of Ethnographic Reflexivity849 Words   |  4 PagesThe Advantages and Limits of Ethnographic Reflexivity Awareness of writing choices generates an appreciation of the reflexivity of ethnographic research. Reflexivity involves the recognition that an account of reality does not simply mirror reality but rather creates or constitutes as real in the first place whatever it describes. Thus ‘the notion of reflexivity recognizes that texts do not simply and transparently report an independent order of reality. Rather, the texts themselves are implicatedRead More Ethnography Essay989 Words   |  4 PagesEthnography Works Cited Missing Anthropology is defined, in the most basic terms, as the study of other cultures. This field can subsequently be divided into more specific sects, and contain more precise defining characteristics, but this definition is essentially all that is needed. Anthropology is a science that attempts to look at other cultures and draw conclusions to questions that are raised while studying. An anthropologist is someone who accepts what is presented before them and isRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Flaherty s Famous Work Nanook Of The North1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe challenge of accurately representing ethnography, the critical analysis and systematic inspection of everyday life across cultures, has been repeatedly attempted with myriad intentions and has subsequently evolved over time. This paper will examine four iconic anthropological filmmakers in the mid-twentieth century in their individual distinctive endeavors to contribute to and accomplish this goal of developing ethnographic film. F rom Robert Flaherty s objective to showcase culture as art, toRead MoreThe Presentation Of The Self By Irving Goffman1167 Words   |  5 Pagesperform a variety of social roles, like actors in a play, and that society is made up of groups of players working together to up hold various social realities and functional institutions such as work, school, home, medical, legal or leisure. The two key components of this theory are ‘front and back’ and ‘impression management’, which enable analysis of how identity is presented and understood through symbols, and the differing ways people behave when they are in and out of role: enabling preparation andRead MoreEssay on Reflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology1090 Words   |  5 PagesReflexivity and Modern Works of Anthropology The role of reflexivity in Anthropology has changed a great deal over time. The effects of doing ethnography on the ethnographer was not considered an important mode of inquiry in the past. While inevitably, going to far distant lands and living with a culture so different from your own will at least cause the ethnographer to reflect on personal issues but most likely will cause profound changes in the way he or she will view the world. But in theRead MoreA Research Study On Anthropology And Sociology1308 Words   |  6 PagesEthnography is a strategy of analysis coming from anthropology and sociology where the researcher studies the common forms of a person’s actions,vocabulary, and movements of a complete social cluster in an ordinary location over a lengthy period of time. Documents gathering often includes clarifications and dialogues(Creswell, 2014).A qualitative researcher uses ordinary locations, they are the main mechanism, collects numerous origin of evidence, uses inductive and deductive statistics study, put

Equilibrium Experiments Free Essays

Aim: To investigate the theory of equilibrium via the completion of two experiments which rely on the use of equations TPLcos? +TPMcos?, which can be rewritten as (Mass Ag) cos?+(Mass Bg) cos?. For the second part of the investigation I will try to prove the equation (W*x)/d +weight of a ruler. Introduction In this investigation I will carry out two experiments, which in each case will prove a different aspect of the theory of equilibrium. We will write a custom essay sample on Equilibrium Experiments or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are two theories’ I wish to prove. The first is † tension (Tpl) in the string Pl is equal to the weight of A and tension in the string pm (Tpm) is equal to the weight of B. For equilibrium the sum of the vertical components of these two tensions must be equal to the weight of c. Which means that: Tpl cos? + Tpmcos? = MassCg which can be written as (MassAg) cos ? +(MassBg) cos ? = MassCg (equ 1) Also: the moment of a force about a point is equal to the magnitude of the force x its perpendicular distance from the pivot. For equilibrium, the moment of the weight about the pivot will be equal to the moment in the opposite direction due to the weight of the ruler. Therefore (W*x)= weight of the ruler times distance d Weight of ruler = (W*x)/d. (equ 2) Diagram Method for experiment a 1. Set up the arrangement shown in figure 1, check that the point p is in equilibrium. 2. Note the value of masses A, B, and C and measure the angles LPO ? and MPO ?. 3. Keep masses A and B constant and note the new value of angles ? and ? for different values of mass C 4. Record results in tabular from. Method for experiment b 1. Set up apparatus as in fig 2. 2. Find point of equilibrium. 3. Note value for the mass used and the distances x and d. 4. Repeat last two stages for several sets of masses and record results in tabular form Calculation These where done on paper by hand for ease of presentation Error Analysis I have generated my errors on the fact that I thought that I could only read the I choose the error of. The way in which I got the final answer out was to run through the calculation twice, once with the answer I got – the error and then again this time with the answer I got + the error. I think that in the first experiment I was a little over the top with the error. I said that I could read the angle to about 5. But when I did the calculation again with the new values. I found that the gap was quite large. And that I was quite close to the true value and that although the value did fall in the gap, the gap could have been a lot smaller. This say to me that the error need not have been so large, and that I read the angle quite well. For exp B Conclusion In conclusion I have found out that equ 1 stand true. In the aim I set out to see if I could prove it I have put in all the results. The answers I get out are generally good. They are the same as the mass or in the cases were they are not they are close and fall well in the range of the errors. Problems with this experiment: the main problem I had with this experiment is the way I was told to find the angle. This way was not that accurate. It left a large margin for error. This is some of the anomalies may have crept in. For the second of the two experiments I found that the mass of the ruler was 0.128g. This was obtained by weighting the ruler on a set of scales. After putting the numbers through the formula for weight of ruler, and then dividing the output by g, which was 10, I managed to get a value for the mass of the ruler. On average this value was 0.119g, which is only about 7% away form the real mass of 0.128g.on farther analysis and after calculating the upper and lower bounds by changing the results by adding or subtracting the errors I found that the outcome from adding the errors to the results and the outcome from subtracting the errors was the same, 0.119g. This meant that the error was not a large enough value to affect the results a significant way. Therefore finally I found that the mass on the ruler to 0.119g this is 7% out for the value, which I recorded as the mass for the ruler. The reason for this is unknown. I can only guess to the reason. One possibility is the mass I recorded for the ruler was out. And as my results are so consistent this is a large possibility. How to cite Equilibrium Experiments, Papers

Immigration Law Immigrant and Minority Health

Question: Discuss about the Immigration Law for Immigrant and Minority Health. Answer: Dear Melissa, I have received your concern and I have analyzed your case in the light of Australian Immigration Law. Considering that you are presently studying in Australia with Student visa subclass 573, you shall be completing your bachelor degree in the year 2017, and now you want to stay in Australia permanently it shall be advisable for you to change your status from student as a permanent resident of Australia. Reviewing the facts of your case, I have also obtained knowledge that your mother has been granted a partner visa under subclass 801 and she has been married to an Australian citizen for the past 3 years. Hence, it shall be advisable for you to apply for permanent visa in Australia based on the sponsorship from her mother. In this letter, I shall explain to you the requirements needed to file a valid and successful visa and the documents needed to prove her dependency. Requirements to Lodge a successful and valid visa application: Child Visa (Subclass 802) enables a qualified parent to support their child to exist in Australia for an indefinite period. If the child is less than 18 years, then the parent can apply on the behalf of their children. A qualified parent is an Australian inhabitant or an owner of an Australian permanent visa and a qualified citizen from New Zealand[1]. It is significant for the child to be in Australia at the time when the permanent visa application is made. Children who are born in Australia automatically receive Australian citizenship if any of their parents is already a citizen of Australia. Children who are born outside Australia must either pertain for an undeviating visa to stay in Australia or apply for Australian citizenship[2]. A child becomes eligible for permanent visa if they are below the age of 18 years or if they are single, that is, not married or engaged or de facto relationship. In certain situations, a person who is above the age of 18 years shall also be regarded as child, but in special circumstances. A person can sponsor a child if the person is a citizen of Australia or is an Australian eternal resident or holder of a permanent visa[3]. When a child is in Australia with student visa and their parents hold permanent visa, then they may live in Australia as a permanent resident. However, for staying in Australia a child must be within Australia when applying for the visa and sponsored by their parents or parents partner[4]. In your case, your mother shall become the sponsor and help you in applying the visa. If the child is above the age of 18 years and is single then he or she should be a full time student between 18 and 25 years of age and reliant economically on their supporting agents. Documents required proving dependency: In your case, your mother who is the sponsor should complete the sponsorship form. The form 40 CH is available in the internet in the website of the department. As a sponsor, one should include the following in the sponsorship form: Proof of their association with the child Proof that they are a citizen of Australia or a permanent resident of New Zealand If they are sponsoring an orphan relative, then they should give evidence that the sponsor is settled in Australia[6] Additionally, your mother has to prove dependency for a period of more than 12 months; hence, you may have to submit documents to prove your dependency such as bank statements, transfers, rent statements and school fees. The documents submitted should contain sufficient details to prove dependency between you and your mother. Issues with dependency: However, you may face issues pertaining to your time span of your education that is 12 months. Ideally, it should be not more than 6 months but in your case, the time period is 12 months. The DIBP in exceptional circumstances extends this period so that the people continue to reside in Australia and apply for a visa. However, you need to provide for a sufficient justification to this and you will have to inform the Department that you wish to extend your education in Australia for another 6 months. Your sponsor has to complete the form along with the child application. The sponsor has to sign the form and submit it to the Department of Immigration and Border Protection. After the application is made, you may have to wait for some time until the visa is approved. The charge of visa application is made at the time when the application is submitted online. The charge is generally not refundable however; if the application is rejected then the charge may be refundable. The fees may be subject to adjustment at any time and visa application is subject to adjustment on 1 July each year[7]. Since you are going to apply for child visa in the month of July, you may be subject to adjustment. With this, I would like to end my letter, I hope that my advice will be of importance to you and it shall help you in obtaining the Child Visa under subclass 801. In case any further clarification is needed you may email me at migration.agent@australian.com. Yours sincerely, Migration Agent References: Hollifield, James, Philip Martin, and Pia Orrenius.Controlling immigration: A global perspective. Stanford University Press, 2014. Korostil, Igor A., et al. "Near elimination of genital warts in Australia predicted with extension of human papillomavirus vaccination to males."Sexually transmitted diseases40.11 (2013): 833-835. Martinez, Omar, et al. "Evaluating the impact of immigration policies on health status among undocumented immigrants: a systematic review."Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health17.3 (2015): 947-970. Nethery, Amy, Brynna Rafferty-Brown, and Savitri Taylor. "Exporting detention: Australia-funded immigration detention in Indonesia."Journal of Refugee Studies26.1 (2013): 88-109. Newman, Louise, Nicholas Proctor, and Michael Dudley. "Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care."Australasian Psychiatry21.4 (2013): 315-320. Newman, Louise. "Seeking asylumtrauma, mental health, and human rights: An Australian perspective."Journal of Trauma Dissociation14.2 (2013): 213-223. Volpp, Leti. "Imaginings of space in immigration law."Law, Culture and the Humanities(2012): 1743872111435963.

There is always another side, always(TM) How does Jean Rhys demonstrate her understanding of this idea in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea Essay Example

There is always another side, always(TM) How does Jean Rhys demonstrate her understanding of this idea in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea? Essay The main intention of Rhys write-back was to give Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s mad woman in the attic a voice. On the behalf of all voices from the margins, Rhys, she felt a personal injustice was made in the creating of a figure in Jane Eyre that would be seen as mad and repulsive, and would represent to the nineteenth Century English reader a stereotype of the West Indies and the people who lived there. In a letter to Francis Wyndham that she explained that she was vexed at her (Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) portrait of the paper tiger lunatic, the wrong Creole scenes and above all the real cruelty of Mr Rochester she felt that Jane Eyre had only included one side-the English side In an attempt to create the other side Rhys humanises Bertha by dubbing her Antoinette to contrast the heavy and ugly name she is latter given in Wide Sargasso Sea and Jane Eyre. Rhys essentially creates the world and the background from which Antoinette is supposed to come, and re-defines Rochester as a young man, vulnerable and less powerful than he is in Jane Eyre. From the outset of the novel there is an unsettling atmosphere and both characters, of Rochester and Antoinette, are considered outsiders in the exotic and intoxicating Caribbean landscape. Set after the Emancipation Act and in an area where there is great racial hostility, Rhys incorporates many interpretations of the other side in her novel; vast cultural gaps, post-Freudian ideas of nature versus nurture, and loss of identity which influences a characters behaviour. Rhys is a writer who would provide commentary from an unobtrusive point on the edge of writing, she would write about instances and experiences that happ ened in her own life to provide the new revised characters of her write-back. She seemed such a poor ghost I thought Id like to write about her life completely re-thinks Bertha Masons character in Jane Eyre from being a two-dimensional ghost or vampyre who ultimately has to be sacrificed, in order for such a famous nineteenth Century heroine to claim her just and happy conclusion. We will write a custom essay sample on There is always another side, always(TM) How does Jean Rhys demonstrate her understanding of this idea in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on There is always another side, always(TM) How does Jean Rhys demonstrate her understanding of this idea in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on There is always another side, always(TM) How does Jean Rhys demonstrate her understanding of this idea in her novel Wide Sargasso Sea? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The beginning of the Wide Sargasso Sea, which plunges the reader into the hostile landscape of Jamaica after the Emancipation Act, gives an account of a young Creole girl commenting from the outside. They say when trouble comes close ranks, and so the white people did. But we were not in their ranks these simple yet powerful sentences introduce the reader into the world of the young Antoinette, who is considered an interloper, not only to those considered they, but also to herself. Rhys explains through Antoinette that the Emancipation Act that granted so much freedom to black slaves and was considered so miraculous and wonderful by those who designed also crippled blacks out of work and homes, and condemned slave owners to poverty and has another side not anticipated. This idea of being an outsider is adopted from Jane Eyre, both Jane and Antoinette consider themselves as an interloper and an alien, both are separated from their parents either physically or emotionally which draws a similarity between the lives of nineteenth century women at this time. One of the featured themes and important aspects of Wide Sargasso Sea is the complete misunderstanding of two very different cultures; English and Jamaican. The very characteristic that created Wide Sargasso Sea was the Englishs indifference to acknowledging and expressing emotion passionately the way the other cultures do. This is what Jean Rhys acknowledges as one of Rochesters traits in Jane Eyre, she incorporates this Englishness into her novel Wide Sargasso Sea (shown by Rochesters How old was I when I learned to hide what I felt? suggesting that this became second nature and built into his character). Rhys uses this to explain how Rochester manages to become both repulsed by and to desire Antoinette so deeply - I hated its indifference and the cruelty which was part of its loveliness. Above all I hated her. For she belonged to the magic and the loveliness. His hatred for the landscape, the culture and Antoinette stem from his inability to communicate with it and above all not w anting to be drawn into something he truly fears- She had left me thirsty and all my life would be thirst and longing for what I had lost before I found it. This raises connotations of Obeah and witchcraft and the notion that English women were never like this, that they would be quiet and docile and the mere notion that women would ever find sex appealing or enjoyable was completely unfounded in English culture, nevermind Rochesters inexperience with women in general. This idea would have been truly terrifying in nineteenth Century England. Furthermore there is a tangled relationship between dreams and reality. Antoinette feels that England must be a cold dark dream that the West Indies is the only place she knows. This is informative of the other side because Rochester feels very much the same dream-like reality of the West Indies and so far not considered Antoinettes view of England. The arrival of Daniel Cosways letter, does nothing other than make Rochesters anxieties on the island worse, by confirming ideas that Antoinette must be mad or unstable for being able to draw such roughness and rapacious thirst from him. Rochester then uses the letter to fuel his fears of Antoinette and to later draw away from her. Antoinette herself quotes There is always the other side, always but thus ignored by Rochester. However, by doing this Rhys creates the awareness in the reader of marginalised voices experienced not only by her own characters but also by herself who recognises and sympathises with other voices like hers; distant and unrecognised for a very long time, until it was too late. Throughout the novel, there is an underlying murmur of malignant gossip. Thus, Rhys gives us the effects of gossip on the receiving side and shows us how gossip has plagued Antoinettes (and her mothers) life. A lot of the gossip comes from the servants who in a striking contrast to English servants, quite freely say what they want and are considered brash and rude. Amà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½lie represents a lot of the freedom, unrestrained speaking and behaviour of Jamaican servants in a Creole household, quite freely criticising Rochester and Antoinette the white cockroach she marry suggesting that these white cockroaches ought to be gotten rid of. The times of day affect the characters behaviour significantly; during daylight hours Antoinette is happy and content (singing Christophines songs for example) but by night her behaviour is transformed into something darker and more savage-shall I wake her up and listen to the things she says, whispers in the darkness. Not by day., At night there is a certain loss of control, and emotions are set higher and more freely expressed than during daylight hours ( I see you were very rough with her eh?). Both characters acquire a rapacious sexual appetite-she was as eager for whats called loving as I was-more lost and drowned afterwards. This suggests the kind of need that the couple are looking for as a means to release, be distracted with or forget. I watched her die many times suggests that the other side may refer to a half-awakened state, or even death itself and the use of sex as a tool to reach this state of le petit mort-the little death as a temporary state. Overall, Rhyss decision to revive and reform the character of Bertha Mason -a character once so two-dimensional and hard to sympathise with in Jane Eyre, in place creates a deeper and meaningful female character with significant traits and background. Rhys breaks Bertha out of the confines of the attic and develops her character to create a more meaningful and just version of Bertha Masons life so that she can then be a more significant and organic character sacrifice and equally celebrates her, rather than a symbol of dissipation she was depicted in Jane Eyre. Rochester is also revised and depicted as a more vulnerable and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve younger man than his larger than life romantic hero persona in Jane Eyre; making it easier for readers to believe and understand his character but also easier to sympathise with him; his relations with his father and brother and his position as a younger son and his feelings of betrayal all amount to the cruel yet justified act of containing a loo se Caribbean woman in a secluded English manor house.

Representative Bart Stupak essays

Representative Bart Stupak essays Many associate the word courage with a comic book or stereotyped Hollywood hero. A larger than life character that somehow survives great destruction, braves great peril, and works against evil often against incredible odds. Most, however, dont understand the true definition of courage is to do what one believes is right, no matter what another says or does. To stand-alone in spite of ridicule, and believe without avail in a cause. The cause does not have to be anything great, and the act of courage does not have to be a grand gesture. A single vote can change the minds of a lot of people. Congressman Bart Stupak of Michigan must understand this definition because he did just that. Despite the voiced opposition of constituents and one of the countys most powerful lobbying arms, he chose to vote for what he believed, and even though his vote ultimately did not carry the day, his voice of courage was carried further into the minds of the populace. Stupak represents Michigans Upper Peninsula in the United States House of Representatives. In the U.P., hunting is a pastime and a part of the heritage. At the start of each hunting season, entire families descend upon forests and fields to engage the chase. They head out well prepared carrying food, water, and a gun to perform the deed. But despite the inherently dangerous nature, young and old are instinctively comfortable using a gun. Children grow up with guns, and it becomes as much a part of the family as the kitchen table. They are taught from a young age to respect its awesome power, and to never abuse its indelible result. They also learn to defend their right to own the gun, believing that the Constitutions Second Amendment guarantees that right. When someone comes along to take their guns away, they naturally respond with outrage. Stupak shares this sentiment. He was raised in the Upper Peninsula and now lives in Menominee, a small city on ...

Long-run U.S. Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Long-run U.S. Economic Growth - Essay Example Real GDP moves around the potential GDP. This is how GDP can be measured from the supply side. Again from demand side perspective GDP is determined by total consumption, investment and government expenditure in a closed economy and by an additional component called net exports in open economy. It has been statistically proven that industrial growth of a nation is closely associated with GDP growth. Also, industrialization forms the platform for structural changes in imports and exports. The economic developments underwent by the United States exemplifies how an underdeveloped economy could grow into an immense and affluent industrial state and show remarkable economic growth despite being intervened by short term downs. In more developed economies labor force seems to be distributed more towards the industrial and services sector and importance of agriculture is lessened (Cypher and Dietz, 272). After gaining independence along with 13 colonies, they came together to collaborate into a nation of 4 million people. During 1790, four fifth of the labor force in US belonged to the farm while the capital goods and technology along with finished products were imported from overseas. At present the major part of the nation belongs to the industries with more than 170 million people who are generating their own capital and technology in a society which is persistently expanding. It might be important to state that if supply of labor was the key to industrial growth, then other countries with high population like China and India could show similar levels of improvement. United States possessed several natural advantages for this growth to be sustained. Some of these were derived from the natural situation of the country. The nation had fertile lands and immense natural resources. The climate supported health and generated energy. There was no problem of overpopulation or pressure on existing resources and on the other hand, this scarcity also promoted growth and develop ment as it necessitated economic growth. The population was advanced in terms of culture, moral and political status. Most of them were literate and understood the law and adept in of self-government. The legacy of Calvinism enforced the resolution to earn and save and also democracy brought about an ability to consume as well as enjoy. All these factors combined made economic growth irresistible. Thus work, democracy, innovation and education made a combined effort towards taking the economy along the path of growth. The labor force was committed to work such their earnings went beyond subsistence and devoted long labor hours. The ex-colonies decided to amalgamate after independence and this led the growth of an internal market which provided stimulus to economic growth. Social mobility was utilized to serve as a tool for growth. The urge to be involved with new materials, technologies, machines all contributed towards different methods for improvement (Harris, 3). Again their devo tion towards expanding the education base promoted learning and improvement of human resources with time. All these factors combined to rebuild the continent from the colonial status and pushed it into the current stage of growth and development. Overview of Economic Growth in the late Eighteenth and Nineteenth century Net National Product of a country normally serves as a convenient measure of the

Higher & Higher Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Higher & Higher - Coursework Example Why? 5 4. Do you think of Zhang’s goals for his company? What must the company do to exploit its resources and capabilities in order to reach these goals? 6 Reference 8 1. What resources and capabilities does the Haier Group appear to have? Are any of these capabilities distinctive? Explain. What will it take to make its capabilities distinctive? One of the most prominent capabilities developed by the company is its diverse variety of products in the home appliance market inclusive of consumer electronic products, air conditioners, computers, mobile phones, washing machines, microwave ovens, televisions, refrigerators etc. This wide diversity of products allows the company to capture a considerably large portion of the market including households and large corporate also (Hunt, p.2-5). Sound technology used by the company clearly distinguishes it from its competitors. In many nations, such as India the company was able to acquire large proportions of the market using technolog ical and innovative changes in its products and product lines in order to cater to the changing needs and requirements of customers (Hunt, p.2-5). Strong innovation initiatives are one aspect which distinguishes the company for its competitors. The company has always strived to add value to its products and product lines with the purpose of serving the niche markets in a better way compared to its competitors. This is particularly helped the company in attaining the faith and loyalty of customers as one of the most trusted brand names and superior deliverer of quality products in the global market (Hunt, p.2-5). One of the most distinctive capabilities of the company has been cater to individual needs of the nations where it had operated. Its strategies have been different for different countries, like India, China etc. For example, although its e-business strategies were not really welcome in China because of its lack of technical knowhow and infrastructure and consumers remain rel uctant to use the internet as a common medium for doing business, the company has been successful in penetrating into the Chinese market by successfully implementing an e-business strategy that was particularly customised for the Chinese market (Roger, p.651). 2. What strengths and weaknesses does the Haier Group appear to have? How could it prevent its strengths from becoming weaknesses? Strengths One of the main strengths of the company is its wide range of innovative products which has successfully made its entry into the global economy. For example, one of its most prominent and innovative products was the frog shaped television console which could be doubled like a night light and which would automatically ask questions on maths problems to the kids before they switched it off. Some of the other innovative products included compact refrigerators, office refrigerators and wine coolers. The company has also successfully shown radical improvement in its product qualities driven by the initiative of its CEO Ruimin. Clear vision, strict discipline coupled with requisite efforts from the part of the CEO has acted as an active strength for the company in expanding its size across the international market and beat some of the major competitor players in the market like Whirlpool, General Electric, Electrolux and LG Electronics (Alon, p.62). Weaknesses The Chinese brands have inherently carried the name of low end and low quality of products. This image has spread worldwide which consistently acts as a

Youths Financial Knowledge Education In Malaysia Economics Essay

Youths Financial Knowledge Education In Malaysia Economics Essay CHAPTER 1 In the Introduction parts, the contents are breakdown into several subtopics. There are Financial Knowledge definition, background of research, justification, problem statement, research objective, research scope and limitation and organizational research. To better understanding of this study, under the background of research, there are three different types of scenario in Malaysia related to the topic which consist of Youths Financial Knowledge Education in Malaysia, The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Malaysia, and Youths Debt and Spending Pattern in Malaysia. 1.2 Defining Financial Knowledge Financial knowledge enable individuals to navigate the financial world make informed decisions about their money and minimize their chances of being misled on financial matters (Beal and Delpachitra, 2003). The need for financial literacy has become significant with the deregulation of financial markets and the easier access to credit as financial institutions compete strongly with each other for market share, the rapid growth in development and marketing of financial products, and the Governments encouragement for people to take more responsibility for their retirement incomes. According to Vitt et al. (2000), financial knowledge is defined as the ability to read, analyze, manage, and communicate about the personal financial conditions that affect material well-being. It includes the ability to discern financial choices, discuss money and financial issues without or despite discomfort, plan for the future, and respond competently to life events that affect everyday financial decisions, including events in the general economy. Hogarth (2002), described the consistencies in behavioral terms, stating that individuals who are financially literate are: 1) knowledgeable, educated, and informed on the issues of managing money and assets, banking, investments, credit, insurance, and taxes; 2) understand the basic concepts underlying the management of money and assets; and 3) use that knowledge and understanding to plan and implement financial decisions. In recent years, financial literacy has gained the attention of a wide range of major banking companies, government agencies, grass-roots consumer and community interest groups, and other organizations. Interested groups, including policymakers, are concerned that consumers lack a working knowledge of financial concepts and do not have the tools they need to make decisions most advantageous to their economic well-being. Such financial literacy deficiencies can affect an individuals or familys day-to-day money management and ability to save for long-term goals such as buying a home, seeking higher education, or financing retirement. Ineffective money management can also result in behaviors that make consumers vulnerable to severe financial crises. From a broader perspective, market operations and competitive forces are compromised when consumers do not have the skills to manage their finances effectively. Informed participants help create a more competitive, more efficient market. As knowledgeable consumers demand products that meet their short and long-term financial needs, providers compete to create products having the characteristics that best respond to those demands (Braunstein and Welch 2002). 1.2.1 The Importance of financial literacy Financial literacy is important at many levels. Certainly, it is most important for the individual who must make complex and expensive financial decisions on behalf of him/herself and of dependents (Mandell, 2006). The need for financial literacy has become increasingly significant with the deregulation of financial markets and the easier access to credit; the ready issue of credit cards; the rapid growth in marketing financial products and the Governments encouragement for its citizens to take more self-responsibility for their retirement incomes (Marcolin and Abraham, 2006). Students who lack financial knowledge have increased financial difficulties that continue into later years. It found that students with less financial knowledge had more negative opinions about finances and made more incorrect financial decisions. They pointed out that having a low level of financial knowledge limits students ability to make informed decisions (Ibrahim et al, 2009). The need for financial skills has grown rapidly over the last decade because financial markets have been deregulated and credit has become easier to obtain as financial institutions compete strongly with each other for market share. The ready availability of credit cards together with easier access to personal loans, interest free and other payment options, has led to an increase in spending on consumption and a rapid rise in both personal and household debt levels. Moreover, the development and marketing of financial products and services has grown rapidly (Beal and Delpachitra, 2003). The credit card indebtedness issues and bankruptcies have got serious attention from media. It is alarming that it was reported the majority of the individuals who went bankrupts were from the age between 20s and 30s (Arif, 2004). This might lead to stress and also might affect the productivity of future potential workers. Increasingly, most of the individuals are in charge of securing their own financial well-being after retirement. This can be shown by the shifting from defined contribution pensions, which makes todays workers have to decide on how much to save and also how to allocate their retirement wealth. Source: Malaysia Department of Insolvency (2010) The complexity of financial market had increasing and become more complex, and individuals are facing with proliferation of different kind of investment products. The opportunities of investment have been expanded beyond natural borders, which permit individuals to invest in different range of assets. However, the difficulties to navigate the new financial system and the consequences of mistake that probably can be devastating, it is seem that individual to be questioned of how well equipped do they have to make financial decision. The most important thing before financial decision to be made is that the individuals also to be questioned on how much do they know about economics and finance. Numerous factors have led to a complex, specialized financial services marketplace that requires consumers to be actively engaged if they are to manage their finances effectively. The forces of technology and market innovation, driven by increased competition, have resulted in a sophisticated industry in which consumers are offered a broad spectrum of services by a wide array of providers. Compelling consumer issues, such as the very visible issue of predatory lending, high levels of consumer debt, and low saving rates, have also added to the sense of urgency surrounding financial literacy. Other important demographic and market trends contributing to concerns include increased diversity of the population, resulting in households that may face language, cultural, or other barriers to establishing a banking relationship, expanded access to credit for younger populations, and increased employee responsibility for directing their own investments in employer-sponsored retirement and pension plans. 1.3 Background of research 1.3.1 Youths Financial Education in Malaysia The National Youth Development Policy of Malaysia defines youth as people aged between 15 and 40 years. Malaysias national education policy has been formulated in the context of the countrys aim to attain developed nation status by 2020. The education system has been reformed to ensure the development of a highly educated, highly skilled and strongly motivated professional workforce. Consumers can effectively participate in the economy if they are properly informed and have the requisite knowledge and skills. Enhancing the levels of financial literacy is being accorded high priority in many countries, including Malaysia due to the current environment of rapid change in technology, product innovation, deregulation and greater competition that have dramatically transformed the financial system. This new environment has created a greater need for consumers to be equipped with financial knowledge and skills to make sound financial decision and to promote consumer activism to drive competition, improve efficiency and performance of financial institution as well as enhance the potential for the economy to prosper (Lian, 2008). Bank Negara Malaysia has embarked some approach to enhance the financial capability of consumers, e.g. developing and disseminating educational materials financial products and services through booklets and websites. To raise the financial capability of consumers to enable them to make informed and confident decisions on financial matters, Bank Negara Malaysia initiated consumer education programmes for adults, including young adults, known as bankinginfo and insuranceinfo in 2003. These programmes are intents to: Promote greater understanding of, and more informed decision on financial products and services Enable consumers to have greater access to reliable information, thus able to take greater responsibility and management on their financial matters. Under the programme, youngsters are educated on a wide range of issues to equip them with the necessary knowledge ad skills to manage their financial matter effectively. The components of the programme are tailored to the level of understanding of each target group. These include knowledge and skills on: Planning Saving and budgeting Spending Buying tips and comparative shopping Financial products Features of financial products and services (banking, Islamic banking, insurance and takaful), risks and liabilities involved, salient terms and conditions as well as rights and responsibilities as a financial consumer Credit and debt Borrowing and debt management, and rights and responsibilities as borrowers and guarantors Risk management Basic insurance and insurance planning Market awareness Avenues for redress, illegal schemes, currency related matters, role and functions of financial players and credit bureau In the beginning of 2007, students aged 17 attending the compulsory National Service Programme are taught various aspects of financial management such as budgeting, managing spending by making smart financial choices and banking information to enable them to have a better appreciation of money management. Annually, a total of 120,000 students are involved in this programme (Lian, 2008). For institution of higher learning, the Credit Counseling and Debt Management Agency, which is a subsdiary of Bank Negara Malaysia, is collaborating with the public universities to incorporate the subject of Personal Finance into the curriculum. Once introduced, financial education with emphasis in personal finance will be provided as a mandatory subject to undergraduates from the age of 20 to 24 years old, with the aim of preparing graduates to face the challenges of managing their finance wisely at the start of their careers (Lian, 2008). While the Government is trying to put things in order to help us get out of the middle income trap to reach a high level income society, there is still a missing link. We need to start looking into a national strategy to help Malaysians improve their personal financial literacy and develop the necessary skills to keep their personal financial matters in the proper perspective. Financial literacy is important to everyone. Financial stress is not biased based on race, age, gender, marital status or different income groups. Just because a person might be below the middle-income group doesnt mean he or she may need financial education more than others. Just as likely, the children of wealthy parents need to be educated to maintain family wealth. Similar to reading and writing literacy, financial literacy is necessary to all. When a nation has a high level of financial literacy, it is easy to promote healthy financial ethics and values across different generations, from young to the old ( Yip, 2010). 1.3.2 The Use of ICT to Disseminate Personal financial knowledge in Malaysia. The Asia Pacific Region has experienced the rapid growth rate in ICT especially in telecommunication sector in the last couple of decades. The evidences can be shown, for instance in South Asia where the compound annual growth rates for fixed lines and cellular phones are 20% and 78% during the period of 1990 to 2000. The same progress can also be seen in the Central and South East Asian countries where the cellular penetration rate has increased significantly amid the relatively lower growth in the fixed line penetration rate. In addition, Asia region in general has also been largely supported by the enlargement of the Total factor Productivity (TFP) which increases about 1.65% per annum due to the rapid investment in telecommunication sector up to 2003. The business environment in the sector is showing the more promising environment given the independent role of the national telecommunication regulator in many countries and market liberalization which simultaneously give incentives for the new entrants to compete into the market (Rohman and Bohlin, 2010). The extent of the effects of ICT has been shown to vary between countries. In general, the developed countries have shown more significant positive effect on productivity growth compared to the developing countries. Initial study on ICT development in Malaysia based in the development of telecommunication infrastructure development and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, impacted a positive effect on the economy as a whole (Ramlan, 2001). Malaysia is preparing to be part of the Information Age in the new millennium by transforming itself towards a knowledge-based economy. Recognizing that ICT and multimedia will be the future enabling tool to increase the efficiency, productivity and competitiveness of the eonomy, various initiatives were taken to promote the use and development of IT during the review period. The National Information Technology Agenda (NITA) was formulated in 1996 to provide the framework for a coordinated and integrated approach in developing the strategic elements comprising human resource, info structure and IT based applications. To provide the catalyst for the expansion of IT and multimedia industries, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was launched (Ahmed, 2008). The decision to achieve a developed country status by the year 2020 using ICT as the vehicle is further strengthened by the development of MSC which is the national ICT initiative. Financial education website Duitsaku.com In line with the development of IT and the growing usage of computer among younger population, Bank Negara Malaysia in collaboration with the Ministry of Education, has created an interactive financial education website in October 2004, to enhance financial literacy among students. Students can participate in interactive financial games, contents, quizzes, financial calculations and other activities related to personal financial management. Currently, the website has attracted more than 85,000 members (Lian, 2008). The existence of ICT in real life is not only making human life easier, but also in the education perspective. ICT could spread out the financial knowledge to youth in an easier way. As many youth starts to use internet to browse the financial knowledge instead of playing online games, in such interactive website could provide youth a basic financial knowledge. The use of ICT to disseminate financial knowledge definitely will help in increasing the youth knowledge about financial thing. Therefore, the percentage of failure in managing such their personal finance in the future will be decrease. 1.3.3 Youths Debt and Spending Pattern in Malaysia There have been two clear shifts in the way Malaysians spent money over the last decade, the first being that they spent less on basic items like food and more on discretionary ones like restaurants, hotels and personal care. The second, their spending on services outpaced that on goods. These shifts in household spending reflect the fact that people grew more affluent over that period, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) said in its 2010 annual report. The main factor is the growing affluence of Malaysians, supported by the steady rise in disposable income and accumulation of wealth. Between 2004 and 2009, nominal per capital gross domestic product (GDP) increased by 6.8 per cent annually, with mean monthly gross household income rising by 4.4 per cent annually from RM 3,249 in 2004 to RM 4,025 in 2009. Favorable demographics were also a factor, given Malaysias relatively young and large working-age population. The younger set tends to spend more on non-essential goods and services. Greater financial deepening also played a role, with BNM explaining that greater access to credit allowed individuals to fund discretionary spending. In the period between 2000 and 2009, household debt grew at an annual rate of 13.5 per cent. Meanwhile, technological innovations encouraged consumer spending in areas like Internet services, mobile communication equipment, data services, cable television services and audio visual equipment. These trends in spending are, apparently, consistent with that observed in other countries. The trends also seem to indicate that as income rises, the share of expenditure on basic necessities tend to decline while that on services tends to increase, BNM said (Malaysiandailynews, 2011). The BNM report showed that between 2000 and 2009, Malaysian spending on discretionary items (such as restaurants and hotels, communications, recreation and culture) was particularly strong, followed by spending on miscellaneous goods and services (such as personal care, financial, insurance and other services). The share of these components of income-sensitive spending rose to 34.7 per cent of total household expenditure in 2009, from 26.5 per cent in 2000. In contrast, the proportion of household expenditure on basic necessities has declined gradually since 2002. Spending on food items as a share of total household expenditure fell to 21.8 per cent in 2009 from 24.1 per cent in 2000. Similarly, the average household spending on housing and utilities fell to 16.7 per cent in 2009 from 21.7 per cent in 2000 (Malaysiandailynews, 2011). Malaysias consumer lifestyle has been evolving and changing due, in part, to rising affluence and education levels. Malaysian also has a strong shopping fetish, especially during the weekends and on public holidays. However, the consumers comes in three categories: those whose purchasing power is high enough to go on periodic shopping sprees, people who shop for necessities, and bargain hunters (Pricewaterhouse Cooper, 2006). According to the Malaysian Communication a Multimedia Commission, the number of internet users in Malaysia reaches 9.9 million as of end 2004 and 13.2 million at the end of first quarter 2005, representing almost 39% of the nations total population in 2004. Internet shopping has gained popularity form 24% of internet users as a percentage of the Malaysian population in 2002 to 28% in 2003. At least one-third of internet users have purchased items online and the bulk o this spending went to consumers goods such as books, CDs, clothing and flowers (45%), computing product (18%), and travel products (7%) (Pricewaterhouse Cooper, 2006). In Malaysia, The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the period January to March 2011 increased by  2.8 per cent  to 102.2 compared with that of 99.4 in the same period last year. When compared to the same month in 2010, the CPI for March registered an increase of 3.0 per cent from 99.4 to 102.4 and when compared with the previous month, the CPI increased by 0.1 per cent. The index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Non-Food for the month of March 2011 showed increases of 4.7 and 2.3 per cent respectively as compared to the same month in 2010. For the period January to March 2011, the index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages and Non-Food increased by 4.3 per cent and 2.2 per cent respectively. Comparison made to the previous month for Non-Food showed an increase of 0.1 per cent while the index for Food Non-Alcoholic Beverages remained unchanged at 103.7 (figure 1). The CPI for main group in Malaysia, for the year 2010-2011 is shown in appendix Moreover, the credit cards loan is another hot issue. In Malaysia credit cards were first introduced in the mid-1970s (Loke, 2007). At the early stage, credit cards were only issued to professionals or those considered successful businesspersons by card issuing companies. By the end of 1970s, an estimated 20,000 cards were issued. During that time, owning a credit card was considered a symbol of prestige. However, with the passage of time, eligibility criteria for obtaining credit cards have been increasingly relaxed. As a result, the number of cardholders reached to about three million by the turn of the last century. The proliferation of credit cardholders has brought an indiscriminate spending by users with many side effects. Many Malaysian consumers seem to display excessive buying behavior, commonly known as compulsive buying. Easy availability of credit and compulsive buying has led to many adverse consequences such as addiction to shopping and excessive debt (Ahmed et al, 2010 ). . Another noteworthy feature of card users in Malaysia is that they use the card to grant loans for themselves. It is easier to obtain credit cards in Malaysia rather than applying for personal loans, which requires the applicant to comply with more formalities like providing guarantors or collaterals. It was reported that outstanding debts from credit card holders amounted to RM15.719 billion by the year March 2009 (RM or Ringitt Malaysia is the local currency, 3.40 RM was approximately equal to 1 USD at the time of study). By the year 2009 outstanding credit card debts accounted for 1.35 percent of the total loans outstanding or 11.41 percent of the total consumer credit (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2009). On a more serious note, 6.43 percent of the outstanding debts had to be converted to non-performing loans. An alarming increase in the number of credit card holders seeking bankruptcy a proceeding over the years was also reported (Ahmed et al, 2010). 1.4 Justification The purpose of this paper is to review some of the factors that contribute in the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior in Malaysia. The contribution of this paper may not just benefit of personal or individuals solely, it may also benefit institutions that provide Information ICT. Some of the young people in the country had well equipped about the financial knowledge, but some are not. By knowing such as young generation will be the future potential worker, it is suggested that they had a well equipped knowledge about financial thing. With the rapid changing of technology and complexity of financial products, the role of ICT in order to spread out the knowledge of financial related, here come problems when different people perceive the ICT contribution differently. This problem is critical to understand what are the factors that cause those youths views differently towards ICT in order to disseminate the personal financial knowledge and action can be taken to solve the problem in order to gain a better financial planning in the future time specifically on the youths debt and spending behavior. Hopefully, the result of this study will bring awareness on what are the factors that affect the use of ICT application to disseminate the personal financial knowledge. Besides, the ICT firm can take this golden opportunity to identify the factors that lead to the perception of youths to increase customer satisfaction towards the overall development of the ICT. Moreover, the government can take advantage of this study by understanding the reason that lead to youths perception on the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge and take action by implement some act to fix the situation. Thus, it can help them to manage their debt and spending properly to minimize any financial matter later on. It is also said to be benefit to the Malaysia country as the youths knowledge become higher can lead to the increasing of productivity in the country. With emphasis focused in the main issues on (objective), ICT will play its role to disseminate personal financial knowledge among youth and contribute substantial improvements on youth perception about the importance of financial knowledge on their debt and spending behavior. 1.5 Problem Statement In Malaysia, topics on personal finance are still considered minimal. If there are programs or activities on it, they were never addressed directly to the young consumers specifically those in between aged 15 to 40 years. There are a lot of credit card indebtness issues. The literature indicates that high school seniors are unprepared to deal with finances when they graduate. The emphasis in the high school curriculum is on preparation for college or on the acquisition of skills to obtain a job and to earn an income. The high school curriculum does not focus on how to effectively use the income in dealing with financial matters such as bank accounts, investments, mutual funds, mortgages, credit cards, loans, social security, insurance and taxes. Only if a student has taken a course in consumerism, finance or in economics while in high school would he or she be exposed to topics dealing with every day financial issues (Manton, 2006). With the emphasis of ICT being provided and the rapid changing in technology, as well as the proliferation of financial instruments and services in the market, the nature question on this study is Does ICT able to disseminate the following personal financial knowledge: budgeting knowledge, saving knowledge, spending knowledge, debt knowledge, and investment knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior? 1.6 Research Objective To measure the interest and capability of more financially sophisticated individuals to engage in personal financial planning and to identify reasons why individuals fail to plan appropriately This study is important to ensure that young generations are well equipped with at least basic knowledge of personal financial knowledge. The proliferation of financial services industry makes financial products are more complicated to be understood by novice customers. Knowing that this young generation will be part of future human capital, it is important that they are knowledgeable and are able to make decisions without imperiling their financial status (citation). To examine the extent to which personal financial knowledge were considered by youngsters to be value for their future debt and spending behavior. Generation Y has a relatively high level of disposable income, much of the research seems to indicate that Generation Y consumers have a low degree of financial literacy (Palmer, Pinto, and Parente, 2001). The new environment with rapid change in technology, product innovations, deregulation and greater competition, has created a greater need for consumers to be equipped with financial knowledge and skills to make sound financial decision and to promote consumer activism to drive competition, improve efficiency and performance of financial institutions as well as enhance the potential the economy to prosper (Lian, 2008). To explore which factors affect the most of youths attitude and behaviors to acquire financial knowledge by using ICT and how does ICT relates to these factors Categorized as one of the developed countries, Malaysia is not missed being one of the regions whereby financial literacy level is at the bottom end. Prior to millennium era, percentage of society knowledge on issues such as budgeting, saving, investing and insuring were minimal. There are so many books, seminars and institutions that provide information on basic financial management catering to those who want to improve their financial standing. In fact, financial institutions are actively promoting their range of services which include investment consultation and other areas attached with proper financial management. However, those who do read on the subject matter or seeking for professional advise are normally professionals, semiprofessionals or those who are familiar with money management. There are almost no programs or seminars targeting those of children and young adults. As a consequence, the familiarity level on finance among these young groups is very limited except for wh at they learned thru experience, family or even peers (Ibrahim et al, 2009). 1.7 Research Scope and Limitation The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of ICT to disseminate personal financial knowledge on youths debt and spending behavior in Malaysia. This paper will be more focus onto how does the youths perception on acquiring personal financial knowledge or financial literacy by using the ICT application. The distributions of questionnaires are the one that will be the primary data in this study. The questionnaire will be distributed to those target respondents based on youth age in Malaysia which is between 15 to 40 years old. In this study, 200 respondents will be randomly selected based on their difference in age, gender, race, marital status and educational level. For the study method tools, the questionnaires will be distributed among private and public university students in Malaysia. 1.8 Organizational Research The chapter 1 of the research project is introduction. In chapter one, it includes overview of chapter 1, research background and research questions, research objectives, significance and justification of the study, research scope and limitation, and organizational of research. While in chapter 2, dependent variable and independent variables will be the foundation to the building of theoretical frameworks and developing hypothesis. Literature review or past study will be used to build up chapter 2. Chapter 3 is the chapter of research methodology. At first, research framework and hypothesis are developed in order to predict the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables. Then, it will follow by questionnaire development which is explaining how the questionnaires will be developed. The next elements in chapter 3 are sampling plan, data collection method and techniques of analysis.

Immanuel Kant `To Perpetual Peace`

Introduction:A common man, an intellectual, a philosopher and even a spiritual personality in his disposition at the secular level— are all conditioned by time. Their speech and writings strongly reflect the social life and beliefs of the era to which they belong. They mostly analyze and interpret what they see and experience. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) or Immanuel Kant are no exceptions.Kant and Hobbes: Where do they stand?Before attempting to understand the views of Kant and Hobbes, one important problem with such mind-level intellectuals needs to be examined. All the arguments and counter-arguments are mind related problems. Their force lasts up to the mind-barrier only. Once the mind barrier is crossed, these philosophers will shake hands with each other, without any reservations. The inner world being the fountainhead of bliss, the communion with it paves the way for eternal happiness. Happiness of Kant and melancholy of Hobbes are the outcome of their own positive and neg ative thoughts respectively.The desire for peace and eternal happiness so eagerly sought by either these philosophers (or thinkers as one may wish to address them), calls for thought control or mind control. No King, no Dictator, no President, no Chairman, no Military Dictator, no Philosopher can bring peace in his area (country) of governance, unless peace prevails in the hearts and minds of each citizen. It can be achieved by an individual only. From the point of view of relationship between the State and People, it is true that the people need to be basically sound and industrious. But, basic conditions also need to be created for the people to become basically sound and industrious. It is the two way traffic.To control something, we need something more powerful than it. However, there is nothing but soul that is mightier than highly potent individual minds. Until now, our medical world has discerned out that sadness, melancholy, stress and depression (the qualities dearest to th e heart of Hobbes) are related to imbalanced biochemical reactions. However, our physical world being supported by our psychological world, the whole range of biochemical reactions taking place in our body is linked with our thought pattern.Only when our thought process changes (of the common citizen and the rulers) the action process will also change. So, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed. When the Nations change for the better, world peace becomes the reality. It is in this context, all the texts, all the theories, targeting peace need to be understood.1. Explain as concisely and precisely as possible how Kant weds a pessimistic realism to an optimistic idealism in his political teaching.  The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed relating to the ambitious wars between the kings, violence under the flag of religi on, territorial victories and defeats, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—enough, these alone are enough. Kant said it long ago, in his own style. Traditions of historical thought are related to historical continuity.There are certain timeless issues, to which all scholars swearing by any school of thought must apply. Some see contradictions in the views of the authors in Realism and Liberalism. The area of confusion is, â€Å"On the one hand, the issues of war and peace provide a basis for continuity while, on the other, these authors are used to furnish contemporary theories with philosophical roots that lie outside the definition of the discipline.That is, Hobbes provides a theory of human nature and the state which underpin contemporary theories of power politics between states. Similarly, Liberals use the work of Kant to u nderline the domestic bases of international conflict and cooperation. In both cases, the attraction of the classics seems to lie in their holistic – or interdisciplinary – approach to social and political life which denotes a fundamental difference in the intellectual context of classical and contemporary theory.† (Classical†¦)2. Specify exactly where Kant reveals his Hobbesian views.â€Å"Establishing the concrete nature of the intellectual context of classical texts is, thus, important for any conscious reflection on the limits and possibilities of the definition of International Relations and its core concerns. And here again we find that the invention and use of classical traditions for the purpose of defining and structuring contemporary theoretical as well as political debates is often characterized by a lack of attention to specific historical continuities and discontinuities.†(Classical†¦.).Hobbes for Realism and Kant for Liberalism are often quoted. Many debates between these approaches are presented as ‘timeless.’ In the International politics their application is one of understanding to a particular situation, and the identical situation in two countries, may invite different types of response. Hobbes is known as the natural law philosopher. He lived during the most tumultuous period of the European history. The socio-political then prevailing had a profound bearing on his theories and as for his assessment of human nature, he was thoroughly pessimistic.According to Hobbes, a human being is guided by self-interests, and if this craze is not properly checked, the consequences would be highly destructive. He will be at war with his fellow beings. The instinct for survival makes one give respect and take respect. One renounces one’s rights to secure them, one abhors violence to seek protection and guarantee from violence. â€Å"One of the interesting elements of Hobbes's story is that concepts like morality, liberty, justice, property, etc. have no natural, intrinsic or eternal meaning.   They are pure social constructions.As history has shown no set of values will last forever but will evolve as circumstances change† What Hobbes and Kant wrote is in an entirely different context of International Relations as applicable to that era. The importance of theories of Kant or Hobbes becomes less important sometimes, and the objective to be gained holds relevance. In the final analysis, economic or political gains are important, and the ‘timeless’ views of Kant go hand in hand with the Hobbesian views.3. Exactly what makes him think that law and order are possible in international politics?Globalization is the watchword for the twentieth century. Technological advancement and internet revolutions are pushing the concept of globalization very fast, prompting the politicians to move in that direction. They are left with no other choice. The views of the classi cal authors hold even well today and they play an important role in International Relations. Whether Kant believes in the relevance of his theories as for contemporary International Relations or not, the present day International Relations specialists do, and make intensive and extensive use and application of such texts. Realists quote Hobbes, and liberals Kant.Conclusion:Hobbes saw laws as commands. He had his special ideas about the legitimacy of laws and power of governments. He is the ardent supporter of the rule of law. However, one notices latent similarity between their apparently dissimilar views, quite often. Sometimes, the mouth of Kant speaks, through the heart of Hobbes. In yet another occasion, the mouth Hobbes speaks through the heart of Kant. They seem to walk together on a parallel path.References Cited:Kant, Immanuel: Book: Perpetual Peace:Paperback: 72 pagesPublisher: Cosimo Classics (November 1, 2005)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 1596055499ISBN-13: 978-1596055490Arti cle: Classical Theory in International Relations – Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521866859;ss=exc – 35k –Retrieved on December 9, 2007